Imagine taking a star with twice the mass of the Sun and crushing it down to the size of Manhattan. The result would be a neutron star—one of the densest objects found anywhere in the Universe. In fact, they exceed the density of any material found naturally on Earth by a factor of tens of trillions. Although neutron stars are remarkable astrophysical objects in their own right, their extreme densities may also allow them to function as laboratories for studying fundamental questions of nuclear physics, under conditions that could never be reproduced on Earth.
Because of these exotic conditions, scientists still do not understand what exactly neutron stars themselves are made from, their so-called “equation of state” (EoS). Determining this is a major goal of modern astrophysics research. A new piece of the puzzle, constraining the range of possibilities, has been discovered by a pair of scholars at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS): Carolyn Raithel, John N. Bahcall Fellow in the School of Natural Sciences; and Elias Most, Member in the School and John A. Wheeler Fellow at Princeton University. Their paper was published recently in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Ideally, astrophysicists would like to look inside these exotic objects, but they are too small and distant to be imaged with standard telescopes. Researchers instead rely on indirect properties that they can measure—such as the mass and radius of a neutron star—to calculate the EoS. This is much like how one might use the length of two sides of a right-angled triangle to work out its hypotenuse. However, one issue here is that the radius of a neutron star is very difficult to measure precisely. A promising alternative for future observations is to instead use a quantity called the “peak spectral frequency” (or f2) in its place.
But how is f2 measured? Collisions between neutron stars, which are governed by the laws of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, lead to strong bursts of gravitational wave emission. In 2017, scientists directly measured such emissions for the first time. “At least in principle, the peak spectral frequency can be calculated from the gravitational wave signal emitted by the wobbling remnant of two merged neutron stars,” says Most.
This new finding will allow researchers working with the next generation of gravitational wave observatories (the successors of the currently operating LIGO) to better utilize the data obtained following neutron star mergers. According to Raithel, this data could reveal the fundamental constituents of neutron star matter. “Some theoretical predictions suggest that within neutron star cores, phase transitions could be dissolving the neutrons into sub-atomic particles called quarks,” stated Raithel. “This would mean that the stars contain a sea of free quark matter in their interiors. Our work may help tomorrow’s researchers determine whether such phase transitions actually occur.”
No comments:
Post a Comment