Weak Gravitational Lensing Tests the Cosmological Model

An international team of cosmologists and astrophysicists, led by Princeton University and the astronomical communities of Japan and Taiwan, and including researchers from Carnegie Mellon University, used precision measurements of the cosmological model of the universe to find that the universe is slightly less “clumpy” than it should be based on the cosmological standard model. Their findings, which could lead to a better understanding of dark matter, use data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam’s year 3 results and are contained in a series of five papers, available on arXiv.

Dark energy and dark matter make up 95% of the universe. Since dark matter can’t be seen, it can’t be measured directly. Instead, researchers must derive information by measuring its effects on other visible objects like galaxies and stars.

One way this is done is by measuring a phenomenon called weak gravitational lensing. As the universe has expanded since the Big Bang, dark matter and galaxies have been drawn together by gravity, resulting in a clumpy distribution of matter throughout the universe. These clumps of matter exert a gravitational pull that bends light as it travels from distant galaxies toward Earth. As a result, when galaxies are observed by telescopes, the resulting images are slightly distorted. By measuring these distortions, researchers can learn more about the distribution of matter in the universe and the nature of dark matter and dark energy.

The new papers use data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) sky survey, a wide-field imaging survey carried out by Japan’s 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope on the summit of Maunakea in Hawaii. The data set includes the measurements for 25 million galaxies as they appeared billions of years ago. With measurements from so many galaxies, researchers were able to create a very precise analysis of weak gravitational lensing using a combination of sophisticated computer simulations and observations from the HSC.

They found that the value for the clumpiness of the universe’s dark matter, a number referred to as S8, to be 0.78. While this number aligns with what other recent gravitational lensing surveys have found, it does not align with the S8 value of 0.83 derived from the radiation emitted in the earliest days of the universe called the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

The results suggest that the differences between these two numbers may not be coincidental. It could indicate that there is an unrecognized error in one of the two measurements or that the standard cosmological model, called the Lambda Cold Dark Matter Model, might be incomplete.

“The HSC weak lensing group has done a meticulous job of ensuring that our weak lensing results are robust, and there is about a 5% chance that the results disagree with the CMB only by chance,” said Rachel Mandelbaum(opens in new window), professor of physics and member of the McWilliams Center for Cosmology(opens in new window) at Carnegie Mellon, and a member of the HSC collaboration. “It will be important to confirm this result with future data sets that can make the measurement even more precisely and to continue to refine our understanding of potential systematic biases. But this result is a tantalizing hint of potential physics beyond the Lambda Cold Dark Matter cosmological paradigm.”

Three different analysis techniques were used on the HSC weak gravitational lensing data. The development and validation of the data catalog was led by Xiangchong Li while he was a doctoral student at the University of Tokyo. The analyses were blinded, so the researchers couldn’t compare results with each other or even view their results until they had finished all their sanity checks on the analysis. After revealing the results, they were ecstatic to see that all methods yielded the same conclusions about S8. 

Li, who is now a Carnegie Mellon postdoctoral fellow working with Mandelbaum, led the real space analysis. This analysis established how the images of galaxies have been lensed by matter, including dark matter, by measuring the correlations of galaxy shapes from different time points. 

Other papers used Fourier space analysis, which maps galaxy shapes and measures the power spectrum of the dark matter density field in Fourier space, and 3x2pt analysis, which constrains the cosmological constant by combining the galaxy shape data collected by HSC with the BOSS density distribution of foreground galaxies. 

“Real space and Fourier space analyses are sensitive to the information of the matter distribution at different scales, and they have different responses to systematic errors. Doing two independent blinded analyses is an important test to validate the robustness of the cosmology constraint,” said Li. “3x2pt analysis includes observables from BOSS galaxy density distribution, which provides independent information to the measurement.”

Much of the analysis of the HSC data relied on methods developed by Tianqing Zhang, a physics graduate student at Carnegie Mellon. One was a statistically principled method(opens in new window) to propagate the uncertainty in redshift (or distance) measurements of the HSC galaxies. The second method(opens in new window) establishes the impact of the point spread function, which describes the combined effect of atmospheric turbulence and telescope optics and detector on weak lensing observations. 

“Our work is the ‘last line of defense’ to shield the cosmological results from the impact of the variables included in point spread function,” said Zhang. “Although the HSC enjoys one of the best atmospheric conditions on planet Earth and is equipped with a state-of-the-art optical and detector system, this problem is still a big challenge.” 

Information about all five papers and the HSC public data release is available online

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Hidden tide in Earth's magnetospheric 'plasma ocean' revealed in new study

The moon exerts a previously unknown tidal force on the "plasma ocean" surrounding Earth's upper atmosphere, creating fluctuations that are similar to the tides in the oceans, a new study suggests.

In the study, published Jan. 26 in the journal Nature Physics(opens in new tab), scientists used more than 40 years of data collected by satellites to track the minute changes in the shape of the plasmasphere, the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere, which shields our planet from solar storms and other types of high-energy particles. 

The plasmasphere is a roughly doughnut-shaped blob of cool plasma that sits on top of Earth's magnetic field lines, just above the ionosphere, the electrically charged part of the upper atmosphere. The plasma, or ionized gas, in the plasmasphere is denser than the plasma in the outer regions of the magnetosphere, which causes it to sink to the bottom of the magnetosphere. The boundary between this dense sunken plasma and the rest of the magnetosphere is known as the plasmapause. 

"Given its cold, dense plasma properties, the plasmasphere can be regarded as a 'plasma ocean,' and the plasmapause represents the 'surface' of this ocean," the researchers wrote in the paper. The moon's gravitational pull can distort this "ocean," causing its surface to rise and fall like the ocean tides.

The moon is already known to exert tidal forces on Earth's oceans, crust, near-ground geomagnetic field and the gas within the lower atmosphere. However, until now, nobody had tested to see if there was a tidal effect on the plasmasphere. 

To investigate this question, the researchers analyzed data from more than 50,000 crossings of the plasmasphere by satellites belonging to 10 scientific missions, including NASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission. The satellites' sensors are capable of detecting minute changes in the concentrations of plasma, which allowed the team to map out the exact boundary of the plasmapause in greater detail than ever before.   

The satellite crossings occurred between 1977 and 2015, and during this period, there were four complete solar cycles. This information allowed the team to factor in the role of solar activity on Earth's magnetosphere. Once the sun's influence was accounted for, it started to become clear that fluctuations in the shape of the plasmapause followed daily and monthly patterns that were very similar to the ocean's tides, indicating that the moon was the most likely cause of the plasma tides. 

The researchers are unsure exactly how the moon causes the plasma tides, but their current best guess is that the moon's gravity causes perturbations in Earth's electromagnetic field. But further research is needed to tell for sure.

The team thinks this previously unknown interaction between Earth and the moon could help researchers understand other parts of the magnetosphere in greater detail, such as the Van Allen radiation belts, which capture highly energetic particles from solar wind and trap them in the outer magnetosphere.

"We suspect that the observed plasma tide may subtly affect the distribution of energetic radiation belt particles, which are a well-known hazard to space-based infrastructure and human activities in space," the researchers wrote. Better understanding the tides could therefore help to improve work in these areas, they added.

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LIGO India, a major breakthrough initiative to probe Gravitational Wave

 On the path of establishing India’s efforts towards becoming a developed nation, the central government has given a nod to set up Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), the country’s biggest facility to probe the universe through the detection of gravitational waves. Science and Technology is a key aspect of the progress and development of any nation and LIGO is one such initiative in realising a major scientific breakthrough in India.

Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time created by some of the Universe’s most destructive and energetic processes or produced by cataclysmic events such as colliding black holes, massive stars exploding and colliding neutron stars. In his general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves, which encapsulates the understanding of how gravitation works.

LIGO- World’s most powerful observatory

LIGO is the world’s most powerful observatory and a large-scale Physics experiment carried out to detect Gravitational waves. It is a planned Gravitational-Wave Observatory that will operate as part of a worldwide network to capture and measure gravitational waves coming straight from space. Gravitational waves were first discovered in 2015 by two LIGOs based in the US and two years later, in 2017, this experiment of the century-old theory received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

With the central government’s final go-ahead and approved budget of Rs 2,600 crore, LIGO-India will be built in the Hingoli district of Maharashtra, which is about 450 km east of Mumbai. Hingoli was selected as the suitable location as it is not prone to tectonic activities and where lasers can be captured without any disruptions to find out if there is any gravitational wave or not. It was competing with two other sites, in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. LIGO-India gained in-principle permission from the Indian government in February 2016. Since then, the project has passed various milestones, including the selection and acquisition of a site and the construction of the observatory. The observatory will be built in an L-shape and is scheduled to begin its scientific runs from 2030.

A grand collaborative effort

LIGO-India is part of the plan to expand the network of this experiment and is envisioned as a collaborative initiative between an Indian consortium of research institutions and the LIGO Laboratory in the United States, as well as its international partners like Germany, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The project promises breakthrough research outcomes, the development of cutting-edge technology, and opportunities for students and researchers.

The project will be built by the Government of India’s Departments of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Science and Technology (DST), with a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States, as well as several national and international research and academic institutions. The Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) in Indore, the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) in Ahmedabad, and the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) in Pune are the three Indian institutions that collaborate under the name LIGO-India. At least 10 events producing gravitational waves have been detected. LIGO-India is said to be the fifth and final node of the planned network.

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India Approves Construction of Its Own LIGO Gravitational-Wave Detector

 The Indian government has approved the construction of LIGO-India, a $320-million project nearly identical to the twin LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) facilities in the US. The observatory, expected to begin observations by the end of the decade, will significantly enhance scientists’ ability to pinpoint the sources of gravitational waves and answer fundamental questions about the universe. LIGO-India will be part of a global network of gravitational-wave observatories, joining Virgo in Italy and KAGRA in Japan, and will fill in blind spots in the current network. Credit: Caltech

India has approved the construction of LIGO-India, a gravitational-wave observatory that will join a global network, enhancing the ability to pinpoint sources of gravitational waves and answer fundamental questions about the universe.

The Indian government has granted the final approvals necessary for construction to begin on LIGO-India, a nearly identical version of the twin LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) facilities that made history after making the first direct detection of ripples in space and time known as gravitational waves in 2015. The Indian government will spend about $320 million to build LIGO-India, with first observations expected by the end of the decade.

“We’ve worked very hard over the past few years to bring a LIGO detector to India,” says David Reitze, the executive director of the LIGO Laboratory at Caltech. “Receiving the green light from the Indian government is a very welcome development that will benefit not only India but the entire international gravitational-wave community.”

“As the newest gravitational-wave detector, LIGO-India will have all of our latest and best techniques incorporated from the get-go,” says Rana Adhikari, a professor of physics at Caltech who helps lead the development of LIGO-India along with Reitze and others on the LIGO team, in collaboration with Indian scientists.

LIGO-India is a collaboration between the LIGO Laboratory—operated by Caltech and MIT and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF)—and India’s Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), and the Department of Atomic Energy Directorate of Construction Services and Estate Management (DCSEM). The planned facility—which, like the LIGO observatories in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana, will include an L-shaped interferometer with 4-kilometer-long arms—will be built near the city of Aundha in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

When LIGO-India is completed, it will join a global network of gravitational-wave observatories that includes Virgo in Italy and KAGRA in Japan. With its advanced gravitational-wave-sensing technology, LIGO-India will greatly improve the ability of scientists to pinpoint the sky locations of the sources of gravitational waves. Because of its location on Earth with respect to LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA, it will also fill in blind spots in the current gravitational-wave network.

“LIGO-India will increase the precision with which we can localize the gravitational-wave events by an order of magnitude,” says Adhikari. “This will greatly enhance our ability to answer fundamental questions about the universe, including how black holes form and the expansion rate of our universe, as well as to more rigorously test Einstein’s general theory of relativity.”

“I am very pleased to learn of the Indian Cabinet’s approval of construction funding for a gravitational-wave observatory there,” says NSF director Sethuraman Panchanathan. “Partnering with like-minded nations like India who share our values and aspirations will not only make possible fantastic discoveries but, more importantly, energize talent and unleash innovation everywhere. Utilizing high-tech interferometer components developed by the NSF-funded LIGO collaboration, LIGO-India will augment the existing network of gravitational-wave detectors—the two LIGO detectors in the U.S., Virgo in Italy, and KAGRA in Japan—to enable more precise identification of the location of gravitational-wave sources and more robust monitoring of their signals. This will give a big boost to researchers around the world who will combine observations from optical and radio telescopes with the information from the gravitational-wave network to make new discoveries about the universe.”

So far, LIGO and Virgo have detected the massive rumblings of dozens of collisions between black holes. In 2017, the observatories also detected a collision between neutron stars that sent out not only gravitational waves but a powerful burst of light waves spanning the electromagnetic spectrum. Because all three gravitational-wave detectors (LIGO’s twin facilities and Virgo) were observing the sky during the 2017 event, scientists were able to narrow down the region of sky where the event occurred. This proved to be a crucial factor in guiding the light-based telescopes to pinpoint the precise location of the spectacular blast. The light-based observations led to the discovery that heavy elements, such as gold, were forged in the cosmic explosion.

Since that event, one more collision involving neutron stars was confidently detected by the LIGO-Virgo network, although it was not seen with light-based telescopes. With LIGO-India’s eyes on the sky, spotting these so-called multi-messenger events (where light and gravitational waves are the messengers) should become an easier task.

Some preconstruction activities for LIGO-India have already taken place, such as the design of the LIGO-India buildings, the construction of the roads that lead into the site, and the fabrication and testing of vacuum chambers. The facility will be built by Indian researchers working jointly with members of the LIGO team.

The international collaboration has already resulted in an exchange of ideas and new relationships between the two countries. For instance, dozens of Indian students have been chosen to work with the LIGO team as part of Caltech’s Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program. In addition, Caltech plans to invite several visiting scientists from India to work on LIGO at Caltech.

“Having a distant third LIGO observatory in the international network, which benefits from common instrument designs, commissioning knowledge, technical coordination, and sensitivity, will fulfill a longstanding LIGO goal,” says Fred Raab, the former associate director for observatory operations at LIGO Hanford who has been working on the LIGO-India project for nearly a decade. “This will be a game-changer for science.”

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Secrets of the universe: India approves $320m gravitational wave detector

 

The government of India has approved the construction of a $320m observatory to detect gravitational waves from space to help answer fundamental questions about the universe, the SciTechDaily website reports.

Gravitational waves are caused by highly energetic events in deep space such as supernovae and the collision of binary neutron stars. The first such wave was detected in 2015.

Accurately detecting and interpreting waves requires a global network of specialist observatories that work together to identify which part of the universe they came from.

The Indian observatory fills a gap in that network, which currently consists of facilities in the US, Italy, and Japan.

‘Latest and best techniques’

It will be called LIGO-India, with the acronym referring to “laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory”. It will be sited near the city of Aundha in the state of Maharashtra. India’s Atomic Energy and Science and Technology departments will build it.

Providing the expertise will be a collaboration between Caltech and MIT in the US and three Indian research bodies: the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology in Indore, the Institute for Plasma Research Ahmedabad and the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics Pune.

“We’ve worked very hard over the past few years to bring a LIGO detector to India,” said David Reitze, the executive director of the LIGO Laboratory at Caltech.

Rana Adhikari, a professor of physics at Caltech, added that the detector would “have all of our latest and best techniques incorporated from the get-go”.

Was Einstein right?

When complete by the end of the decade, LIGO-India will join LIGOs at Livingstone in Louisiana and Hanford in Washington State, which are operated by MIT and Caltech. Other detectors are the Virgo LIGO located near Pisa and the University of Tokyo’s KAGRA detector, near Nagoya.

The observatory consists of two interferometers, each 4km long, made up of 1.2m-wide steel vacuum tubes. These “marvels of precision engineering”, in the words of Caltech, are arranged in an L shape and are covered by a thick concrete enclosure. Lasers measure the movement of light in the tubes when a gravitational wave passes through.

Adhikari says the new detector will increase the global network’s sensitivity by an order of magnitude.

“This will greatly enhance our ability to answer fundamental questions about the universe, including how black holes form and the expansion rate of our universe, as well as to more rigorously test Einstein’s general theory of relativity,” he said.

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Northwestern to host gravitational-wave researchers from around the globe

 Gravitational waves — ripples in the fabric of spacetime first predicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 — were detected for the first time on Sept. 14, 2015. A small group of Northwestern University faculty, postdoctoral fellows and students were a critical part of that historic discovery, made by a team of more than 1,000 scientists and engineers from around the world.

Since that thrilling detection of a gravitational-wave signal produced by the collision of two massive black holes, more than 90 signals from the mergers of black holes and/or neutron stars have been discovered using sophisticated detectors in the U.S. (LIGO Hanford and LIGO Livingston) and Italy (Virgo). Another detector in Japan, KAGRA, is expected to join the LIGO and Virgo detectors later this year in their next observing run.

Now hundreds of gravitational-wave researchers involved in these discoveries are coming to Northwestern for an international conference March 13-17.

The community of the three science collaborations holds working meetings twice a year, one in the U.S. and one elsewhere. This month’s conference, the first in-person meeting in the U.S. since the pandemic, will be hosted by Northwestern’s Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA). 

“The face-to-face presentations, discussions and brainstorming during the conference are critical as we feverishly prepare for our next period of gravitational-wave discoveries with detectors featuring the highest sensitivity ever,” CIERA director Vicky Kalogera said. She is the faculty lead of the Northwestern group in the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) and the Daniel I. Linzer Distinguished University Professor of Physics and Astronomy in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.

While the scientific conference is closed to the public, CIERA is holding two related public events on Tuesday, March 14:

“Gravitational Waves, Black Holes and the Machines That Detect Them”

Gabriela González, one of four scientists who announced the first detection of gravitational waves to the public, will deliver a general talk about the new era of gravitational-wave astronomy. She will discuss the history and details of the observations since September 2014 and the detectors that make such observations possible. González is a founding member of the LSC and was the spokesperson at the time of the first discovery.

The talk will take place at 6:30 p.m. in the McCormick Auditorium of Norris University Center.

“Astronomy on Tap”

At this informal event, and on Pi Day (Einstein’s birthday), Northwestern astronomers will talk about pi, gravitational waves and black holes. Questions from the audience are welcome. A trivia contest will give attendees a chance to win a pie.

The event begins at 7 p.m. at Five & Dime, 1026 Davis St. in Evanston. Space is limited to the first 50 people.

“Northwestern and CIERA were offered the opportunity to host the meeting because of Northwestern’s consistent scientific involvement in the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaborations,” said Zoheyr Doctor, CIERA Board of Visitors Research Assistant Professor in Kalogera’s group. “It is a huge honor for us to host this conference at Northwestern — our last opportunity to be together before the new observing run.” 

Doctor and Madeline Wilson, CIERA’s events and marketing coordinator, are the lead organizers of the hybrid conference. Close to 400 scientists and engineers are expected to attend in person, and more will attend virtually.

David Reitze, executive director of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory, is one of the scientists who will attend.

“The Northwestern CIERA LSC group has done outstanding work on understanding what gravitational-wave detections tell us about how, and how many, black holes are produced in the universe,” said Reitze, a Caltech physicist and Northwestern alumnus. “I’m delighted to return to Northwestern to plan for the next LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observational campaign.”

The advanced gravitational-wave detectors used by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA international collaboration have been shut down since March 27, 2020, so their sensitivity could be improved. The next observing run — the fourth such run — is scheduled to start on May 24 and last approximately 18 months. This new run will enable scientists to learn more about the nature of black holes, neutron stars, gravity and more. 

“With the detectors’ increased sensitivity, we expect to listen to even fainter black-hole mergers, to go farther back in time,” Kalogera said. “We also are excited to take another big step for multi-messenger astrophysics, discovering neutron star collisions in both gravitational and electromagnetic waves.

 Multi-messenger astronomy and the study of black holes are both areas of leadership by CIERA researchers.”CIERA is one of Northwestern’s 35 University-wide research institutes and centers (URICs) attracting talent from across Northwestern. Read more about these cross-disciplinary hubs in Vice President for Research Milan Mrksich’s recent essay on Leadership Notes.

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India to soon get Ligo to catch gravitational waves: What is it and why is this detector needed?

 

Centre has cleared the way for the construction of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the country at a cost of Rs 2600.

By India Today Science Desk: When two big black holes collide, they release a massive ripple in the vastness of space that contains information about their origins, properties, and answers to some of the biggest secrets in the universe. An Indian observatory will soon be able to not just catch those waves but also reveal the secrets they hide.

The Centre has cleared the way for the construction of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the country. The facility will be built at an estimated cost of Rs 2,600 crore by the year 2030.

The facility will observe the gravitational waves traveling in the vastness of space from some of the most violent and energetic processes in the Universe and hitting Earth.

WHAT ARE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES?

LIGO is a physics experiment that derives its roots in the theories of Albert Einstein, who said that when two massive objects collide they create a ripple in space and time in such a way that "waves of undulating space-time would propagate in all directions away from the source."

These cosmic ripples known as gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, carrying with them information about their origins, as well as clues to the nature of gravity itself. Physicists have said that the strongest gravitational waves are produced by cataclysmic events such as colliding black holes, stars exploding at the end of their lifetimes, and colliding neutron stars.

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) is the world's most powerful observatory that exploits the physical properties of light and of space itself to detect and understand the origins of gravitational waves. At the moment there are two such observatories that are separated by a distance of 3000 kilometers that work in tandem to pick up these gravitational waves.

Gravitational wave interferometers rely on the world's most stable high-power lasers, the most precisely figured mirrors, ultraquiet vibration isolation systems, and sophisticated hierarchical feedback systems to pick up these waves emanating from the furthest reaches of the universe.

Each LIGO detector consists of two arms, each 4 kilometers long, comprising 1.2-meter-wide steel vacuum tubes arranged in an "L" shape, and covered by a 10-foot wide, 12-foot tall concrete shelter that protects the tubes from the environment.

The LIGO-India project will be built by the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, with a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the National Science Foundation, the US, along with several national and international research and academic institutions.

"The science case for the detector is very strong for India. It will be part of a network of two gravitational detectors working in the US," Tarun Souradeep, Director Raman Research Institute, and member of the advisory committee for LIGO India told indiatoday.in.

The information gathered by LIGO India could be used in the field of gravitation, relativity, astrophysics, cosmology, particle physics, and nuclear physics.

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