Gravitational wave astronomy is an emerging field, requiring the collaboration of thousands of scientists from hundreds of research institutions around the world. The LIGO and VIRGO collaborations represent the incipient instruments in the brand new field, with the KAGRA detector in Japan joining in for the fourth observational run, and LIGO-India expected to help resolve the sources more precisely.
So far, the detectors have only measured the gravitational waves from a pair of colliding black holes, or a black hole and a neutron star. A variety of exotic cosmic interactions are expected to produce gravitational waves, which are ripples in spacetime caused by masses accelerated by gravity. CERN is helping build and realise the Einstein Telescope, a massive subterranean gravitational wave detector that is expected to be ten times as sensitive as the detectors so far.
One of the challenges of the Einstein Telescope design is the need to use ultra-high vacuum technologies, which CERN has plenty of experience and expertise with. The Einstein Telescope will be installed 200 metres underground, and operating the LHC has provided CERN with the experience necessary for working with such large underground installations. The triangular tunnel system is expected to be 120 kilometres long.
Gravitational wave detectors work by using laser beams measured at a precise length reflected back by telescopes. Any changes in the length of the beam is caused by the passage of gravitational waves. However, there are a number of phenomena that can cause the detectors to detect the same signal as the passage of gravitational waves, including vibrations and electromagnetic contamination. Researchers are investigating if dark matter can also interfere with the signals.
Spokesperson for the Einstein Telescope Collaboration Michele Punturo says “The expected sensitivity of the Einstein Telescope will be at least a factor of ten times that of Ligo-Virgo. Its low-frequency sensitivity will allow us to detect intermediate mass black holes.”
Supermassive black holes are located within the cores of galaxies, while stellar mass black holes containing between three and ten solar masses are formed by the collapse of stars. Scientists believe in theory that there should be intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) between these extreme mass ranges, but none have been found so far, though there are a few candidate objects. The Einstein Telescope may finally help scientists hunt down IMBHs.
International Conference on Gravitational Waves
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